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GNDU QUESTION PAPERS 2021
BA/BSc 4
th
SEMESTER
ENGLISH (Elecve)
Time Allowed: 2 Hours Maximum Marks: 100
Note: Aempt Five quesons in all, selecng at least One queson from each secon. The
Fih queson may be aempted from any secon. All quesons carry equal marks.
I (A) Aempt the following quesons:
(i) Determine the contextual meaning of the following underlined vocabulary items:
(a) The last me you were able to savor something, such as a meal or an experience.
(b) An example of parents behaving in a permissive manner towards their children.
(c) The degree to which lucrave professions are open to women in your culture.
(d) An example of someone who is out of the loop.
(II) Summarise briey the central idea of the essay "Sex, Sighs and Conversaon". Begin
with the sentence: In her arcle "Sex, Sighs and Conversaon," Deborah Tannen maintains
(III) Give the equivalent male or female term of the following and suggest the denotaon
and connotaon of each pair: Spinster, master, widow, bride
(B) Aempt any One of the following queson :
(a) What do you think is more important in shaping gender roles-biology or society and
culture? Jusfy your answers with reference to reading 'Sex Roles'.
Or
(b) Consider whether females or males are more restricted by convenonal gender roles.
Jusfy your arguments with reference to your reading.
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2. (A) Aempt the following quesons:
(1) Choose the word that is not the synonym of the underlined word. Write a sentence
using the underlined word in such a way that the meaning is clear:
(i) Jacqueline Gonzalez is a quiet, self-possessed, nineteen-year-old Mexican-American
woman.
(a) composed
(b) self-absorbed
(c) controlled
(d) collected
(ii) What about those young women who cling to a more tradional dream?
(a) Hold on to
(b) Respond to
(c) Ahere to
(d) Sck to
(iii) Perhaps the most poignant example of the impossible dream is Simone Baker:
(a) Striking
(b) Penetrang
(c) Pervasive
(d) Touching
(iv) She is the prototype of today's young woman-condent, outgoing, knowledgeable,
involved:
(a) Standard
(c) Archetype
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(b) Model
(d). Anthesis
(II) Form collecons by matching each word in the le hand column with an appropriate
vocabulary item in the right hand column. Write a sentence of your own for each
collocaon, in such a way that its meaning is clear.
(i) Support
(a) Happiness
(ii) Medical
(b) Standard
(iii) Basic
(c) A family
(iv) Pursue
(d) benets
(III) Fill in the following blanks with the appropriate preposion (s) and adverb (s) to form
a phrasal verb. Then write the meaning of the phrasal verb:
(a) Some of what lls our days are onerous obligaons, some are wonderful opportunies,
and most fall in between. but taken together they add too much.
(b) You'll skip yoga class, blow the neighbourhood meeng, ignore the piles of laundry and
just relax.
(c) Note how some of your most memorable moments occurred when something in your
schedule fell
(d) Holding two or three jobs, struggling to pay the bills, working weekends, no vacaon
me, lile socia safety net, they oen feel out of control.
(B) Aempt any One of the following queson :
What does Sidel mean by the phrase "The New American Dreamers"? Discuss the major
aspects of the American Dream.
Or
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Sum up the main ideas of Jay Walljasper's essay "Our Schedules Our Selves".
3. (A) Aempt any Three of the following quesons:
(a) What places does S. Gopal assign to English in a mullingual country like India?
(b) Hindi cinema suers because of slavish men to imitate. What made Balraj Sahni form
this view?
(c) Give a brief explanaon of Forster's denion of tolerance.
(d) What is Dialectrical Materialism and which are its basic tenets?
(B) Aempt any One of the following queson :
(a) Explain in your own words Tagore's concepon of India.
Or
(b) How does George Orwell relate animal-like psyche with the modern compeve sports
?
4. (A) Aempt any Three of the following quesons:
(a) How is Nehru's thinking on the queson of language jused in the essay "English
Language in India."
(b) How, accordingly to Tagore can our society be saved from Hindu Muslim conict?
(c) What kind of insncts are aroused by a compeve sport? Illustrate with the help of
examples.
(d) Sum up briey the views of Balraj Sahni on the Indian literary world.
(B) Aempt any One of the following queson :
(a) Sekhon's personality witnesses diverse inuences arising from Hindu, Sikh and Marxist
sources. Illustrate in the light of his essay "I Believe".
Or
(b) Trace the development of ideas in the essay "Tolerance" where love can become a reality
in a conict-ridden world.
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(A) Aempt the following quesons
(a) Aempt a thumbnail sketch of the drover in the story 'The Drover's Wife'.
(b) Who is Mangal Singh? What according to him were the advantages of his job?
(c) The proposed journey sounds threatening and dicult to the lady in the story 'The Bath'.
Explain giving the reasons.
(B) Aempt any One of the following queson :
(a) 'Once There was a King' presents a contrast between the imaginave realm of children
and the reality of grown-ups. Discuss.
Or
(b) The short story 'Jasmine' Father' explores the pathos of father-daughter relaonship.
Discuss.
6. (A) Aempt the following quesons:
(a) Comment on the ending woven by Grannie for the fairy tale.
(b) What are the tasks that seem onerous and irksome to the old lady now which had earlier
seemed quite easy and pleasurable?
(c) Why does Jasmine describe her oce as 'a dangerous mineeld' ?
(B) Aempt any One of the following queson :
(a) The drover's wife in rlenry Lawson's story 'The Drover's Wife' exhibits the strength and
resilience of a woman. Discuss.
Or
(b) How does Anand bring out the hierarchical power structure : inherent in society in his
story 'Duty'?
7. Examine family relaonships in the story "The Desjardins".
Or
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Markham's story "Mammie's Form at the Post Oce" captures the plight of immigrants in
a foreign country. Discuss.
8. Transcribe the following words:
Naonality, espionage, appreciaon, demonstraon, misunderstand, customer, ulity,
subtracon, tranquility.
GNDU ANSWER PAPERS 2021
BA/BSc 4
th
SEMESTER
ENGLISH (Elecve)
Time Allowed: 2 Hours Maximum Marks: 100
Note: Aempt Five quesons in all, selecng at least One queson from each secon. The
Fih queson may be aempted from any secon. All quesons carry equal marks.
I (A) Aempt the following quesons:
(i) Determine the contextual meaning of the following underlined vocabulary items:
(a) The last me you were able to savor something, such as a meal or an experience.
(b) An example of parents behaving in a permissive manner towards their children.
(c) The degree to which lucrave professions are open to women in your culture.
(d) An example of someone who is out of the loop.
Ans: (a) Savor
• General meaning: To enjoy something deeply, especially taste or experience.
• Contextual meaning here: To relish or fully appreciate a pleasant moment, meal, or
experience.
• Example: “The last time you were able to savor something, such as a meal or an
experience” means recalling when you last truly enjoyed and appreciated something
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slowly and with delight. If you ate your favorite dish and took time to enjoy every
bite, that’s savoring.
(b) Permissive
• General meaning: Allowing too much freedom, not setting strict rules.
• Contextual meaning here: Parents who are lenient and do not enforce discipline or
boundaries strictly.
• Example: “An example of parents behaving in a permissive manner towards their
children” could be parents letting their kids stay up late, eat lots of junk food, or skip
homework without consequences. It’s about being indulgent rather than strict.
(c) Lucrative
• General meaning: Profitable, bringing in a lot of money.
• Contextual meaning here: Professions or jobs that provide high income or financial
rewards.
• Example: “The degree to which lucrative professions are open to women in your
culture” means examining how much access women have to high-paying careers like
medicine, law, engineering, or corporate leadership. It’s about opportunities for
women to enter well-paying fields.
(d) Out of the loop
• General meaning: Not informed, unaware of what’s happening.
• Contextual meaning here: A person who is excluded from information, decisions, or
discussions.
• Example: “An example of someone who is out of the loop” could be a team member
who missed a meeting and doesn’t know about the new project plan. It’s like
being left behind while others are updated.
(II) Summarise briey the central idea of the essay "Sex, Sighs and Conversaon". Begin
with the sentence: In her arcle "Sex, Sighs and Conversaon," Deborah Tannen maintains
Ans: Central Idea of "Sex, Sighs and Conversation"
In her article "Sex, Sighs and Conversation," Deborah Tannen maintains that men and
women often misunderstand each other because they use language in fundamentally
different ways. These differences are not accidental but are shaped by childhood
socialization and cultural expectations. From the games children play to the roles they adopt
as adults, communication styles diverge, leading to frustration in relationships, workplaces,
and everyday interactions.
Different Socialization Patterns
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Tannen explains that boys and girls grow up in different conversational worlds.
• Girls usually play in small groups where talk is used to build closeness, cooperation,
and equality. They learn to value sharing, listening, and maintaining harmony.
• Boys, on the other hand, often play in larger groups where talk is used to assert
dominance, negotiate status, and compete. They learn to value independence,
problem-solving, and control.
These early experiences shape adult communication. Women tend to use conversation as a
way to connect emotionally, while men often use it to exchange information or establish
authority.
Contrasting Conversational Goals
Tannen highlights that women often seek rapport—they want to share feelings, discuss
problems, and feel understood. Men, however, often seek report—they want to deliver
information, solve problems quickly, or demonstrate expertise.
For example:
• A woman may want to talk about her stressful day simply to feel heard.
• A man may respond by offering solutions, thinking he is being helpful, but the
woman feels dismissed because she wanted empathy, not advice.
This mismatch in goals creates tension, even though both sides are acting with good
intentions.
Misinterpretations and Frustrations
Because of these differences, men and women often misinterpret each other’s
conversational styles:
• Women may feel men are not listening or are emotionally distant.
• Men may feel women talk too much or expect them to solve problems
unnecessarily.
Even small signals—like sighs, pauses, or interruptions—can be interpreted differently
depending on gendered expectations.
Cultural, Not Biological
Tannen emphasizes that these differences are cultural, not biological. They are learned
behaviors, not innate traits. Recognizing this is important because it means communication
styles can be understood, respected, and adapted.
Towards Better Understanding
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The central message of the essay is not that one style is better than the other, but that
awareness of differences can reduce conflict. If men and women understand that they often
have different conversational goals, they can avoid misinterpretations and build stronger
relationships.
Conclusion
In summary, Tannen’s essay argues that men and women talk differently because of how
they are socialized from childhood. Women use conversation to build emotional closeness,
while men use it to assert status or solve problems. These differences often lead to
misunderstandings, but they are cultural patterns rather than natural flaws. By recognizing
and respecting these differences, communication between men and women can become
more effective, empathetic, and harmonious.
(III) Give the equivalent male or female term of the following and suggest the denotaon
and connotaon of each pair: Spinster, master, widow, bride
Ans: Equivalent Male/Female Terms with Denotation and Connotation
Language is not just a tool for communication—it also reflects cultural attitudes and social
values. Words often carry both denotation (the literal meaning) and connotation (the
emotional or cultural associations). Let’s examine the given terms—spinster, master,
widow, bride—along with their male/female equivalents, and discuss their denotations and
connotations in detail.
1. Spinster ↔ Bachelor
• Denotation:
o Spinster refers to an unmarried woman, usually beyond the typical age of
marriage.
o Bachelor refers to an unmarried man, regardless of age.
• Connotation:
o Spinster often carries a negative connotation. It suggests loneliness,
undesirability, or failure to marry. Historically, it implied that a woman had
missed her “chance” at marriage.
o Bachelor, however, carries a positive or neutral connotation. It often
suggests freedom, independence, or even attractiveness. A bachelor may be
admired for enjoying life without responsibilities.
This contrast shows how language reflects gender bias: unmarried women are
stigmatized, while unmarried men are celebrated.
2. Master ↔ Mistress
• Denotation:
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o Master refers to a man who has authority, control, or skill. It can mean the
head of a household, a teacher, or someone highly skilled.
o Mistress originally meant a woman with authority, parallel to master.
However, over time, its meaning shifted to denote a woman in an
extramarital relationship.
• Connotation:
o Master has a positive connotation—power, respect, expertise.
o Mistress today carries a negative connotation, often associated with scandal
or immorality.
This shift in meaning highlights how female authority was undermined in language,
while male authority remained respected.
3. Widow ↔ Widower
• Denotation:
o Widow refers to a woman whose husband has died.
o Widower refers to a man whose wife has died.
• Connotation:
o Widow often carries a sympathetic but heavy connotation. In many cultures,
widows face social stigma, restrictions, or pity. They may be seen as
vulnerable or incomplete without a husband.
o Widower carries a lighter connotation. While widowers are pitied, they are
often encouraged to remarry and regain social standing.
Again, language reflects cultural attitudes: widows are burdened with restrictions, while
widowers are given freedom.
4. Bride ↔ Groom
• Denotation:
o Bride refers to a woman on her wedding day or shortly thereafter.
o Groom refers to a man on his wedding day or shortly thereafter.
• Connotation:
o Bride carries connotations of beauty, celebration, and new beginnings.
However, it also historically implied dependence on her husband and entry
into his household.
o Groom carries connotations of responsibility, strength, and leadership. He is
often seen as the one who “takes” the bride.
While both terms are celebratory, the bride is often associated with appearance and
ceremony, while the groom is associated with authority and responsibility.
Conclusion
The denotations of these words are straightforward, but their connotations reveal deep
cultural biases.
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• Spinster vs Bachelor shows how society judges unmarried women more harshly than
men.
• Master vs Mistress shows how male authority is respected while female authority is
diminished.
• Widow vs Widower shows how women face stigma while men are given freedom.
• Bride vs Groom shows how women are celebrated for beauty while men are
celebrated for responsibility.
Language, therefore, is not neutral—it mirrors social attitudes. By analyzing denotation and
connotation, we see how words reinforce gender roles and inequalities.
(B) Aempt any One of the following queson :
(a) What do you think is more important in shaping gender roles-biology or society and
culture? Jusfy your answers with reference to reading 'Sex Roles'.
Or
(b) Consider whether females or males are more restricted by convenonal gender roles.
Jusfy your arguments with reference to your reading.
Ans: (a). Introduction
The question of what shapes gender roles—biology or society and culture—has been
debated for decades. While biology provides the physical differences between men and
women, it is society and culture that largely determine how these differences are
interpreted and acted upon. The reading “Sex Roles” emphasizes that gender roles are not
fixed by nature but are socially constructed, meaning they are learned, reinforced, and
passed down through generations.
Biology: The Natural Foundation
Biology certainly plays a role in distinguishing men and women. Physical attributes such as
reproductive organs, hormonal differences, and secondary sexual characteristics are
biological realities. For example:
• Men generally have greater muscle mass.
• Women are biologically capable of bearing children.
These differences can influence certain tasks, but biology alone does not dictate how men
and women should behave in society. For instance, the fact that women can give birth does
not mean they must always be confined to domestic roles.
Biology provides the foundation, but it does not prescribe social behavior.
Society and Culture: The Real Shapers of Gender Roles
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The reading “Sex Roles” highlights that society and culture are far more influential in
shaping gender roles than biology. From childhood, boys and girls are taught different
expectations:
• Boys are encouraged to be strong, independent, and assertive.
• Girls are encouraged to be caring, gentle, and cooperative.
These expectations are reinforced through family upbringing, education, media, religion,
and traditions.
Examples from Society:
• In many cultures, men are expected to be breadwinners, while women are expected
to manage the household.
• Toys given to children reflect cultural roles: boys get cars and action figures, girls get
dolls and kitchen sets.
• Media portrays men as heroes and leaders, while women are often shown as
supportive or dependent.
These cultural patterns shape identity and behavior far more than biology.
Evidence from “Sex Roles”
The essay argues that gender roles are socially constructed categories. It points out that:
• What is considered “masculine” or “feminine” varies across cultures and historical
periods.
• In some societies, women have been warriors and leaders, while in others they were
confined to domestic spaces.
• This variation proves that gender roles are not biologically fixed but culturally
defined.
Thus, society and culture determine whether biological differences are emphasized,
minimized, or even ignored.
Why Society and Culture Are More Important
1. Flexibility: Biology is constant, but gender roles change over time and across
cultures.
2. Socialization: Children learn roles through imitation, reinforcement, and cultural
norms.
3. Variation: Different societies assign different roles to men and women, showing that
culture, not biology, is decisive.
4. Opportunity: Cultural change can expand or restrict opportunities for both genders,
regardless of biology.
Conclusion
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While biology provides the basic differences between men and women, it is society and
culture that truly shape gender roles. The reading “Sex Roles” makes it clear that gender
expectations are learned behaviors, not natural laws. Boys and girls are socialized into roles
that reflect cultural values, and these roles can change with time and context.
Therefore, society and culture are more important than biology in shaping gender roles.
Recognizing this helps us challenge stereotypes and create a more equal world where
individuals are free to define themselves beyond traditional roles.
(b). Ans: Introduction
Gender roles are the expectations society places on individuals based on whether they are
male or female. These roles are not natural laws but social constructs, shaped by culture,
tradition, and upbringing. The reading “Sex Roles” emphasizes that while both men and
women are affected by conventional gender roles, women historically face greater
restrictions. Let’s explore this idea in detail, considering both sides but ultimately showing
why females are more restricted.
Restrictions Faced by Females
1. Domestic Expectations
From childhood, girls are often taught to prioritize household duties, caregiving, and
nurturing roles. Society expects them to become good daughters, wives, and mothers. This
limits their opportunities in education and careers.
Example: In many cultures, girls are discouraged from pursuing higher studies because
marriage and family are seen as their ultimate destiny.
2. Limited Access to Professions
The reading “Sex Roles” points out that lucrative and prestigious professions have
historically been dominated by men. Women were often excluded or discouraged from
entering fields like law, medicine, engineering, or politics. Even when allowed, they faced
discrimination and unequal pay.
This shows that conventional gender roles restrict women’s economic independence.
3. Social Stigma and Control
Women are judged more harshly for breaking gender norms.
• A woman who remains unmarried may be labeled a “spinster.”
• A woman who is outspoken may be called “aggressive” or “unfeminine.”
• Widows often face stricter social restrictions than widowers.
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These labels and stigmas restrict women’s freedom of choice.
4. Physical and Behavioral Expectations
Conventional roles emphasize beauty, modesty, and obedience for women. They are
expected to dress “appropriately,” behave politely, and avoid risk-taking. Men, in contrast,
are allowed more freedom in appearance and behavior.
Restrictions Faced by Males
It is important to note that men also face restrictions under conventional gender roles.
• Men are expected to be strong, unemotional, and financially responsible.
• They are discouraged from showing vulnerability or engaging in caregiving roles.
• A man who chooses a career in nursing or homemaking may face ridicule.
These restrictions limit men’s emotional expression and career flexibility.
Comparative Analysis
While both genders face restrictions, the impact is heavier on women:
• Men’s restrictions are about emotional expression and certain career choices.
• Women’s restrictions affect almost every aspect of life—education, career, marriage,
social freedom, and even personal identity.
• The reading “Sex Roles” emphasizes that women’s roles are more rigidly defined and
enforced, while men’s roles, though restrictive, allow more access to power and
privilege.
Conclusion
Conventional gender roles restrict both males and females, but females are more heavily
burdened. Women face limitations in education, careers, social freedom, and personal
choices, while men’s restrictions are mostly about emotional expression and societal
expectations of strength. The reading “Sex Roles” makes it clear that these roles are cultural
constructs, not biological necessities. Recognizing this helps us challenge stereotypes and
work toward a society where both men and women can live freely, beyond the boundaries
of conventional roles.
2. (A) Aempt the following quesons:
(1) Choose the word that is not the synonym of the underlined word. Write a sentence
using the underlined word in such a way that the meaning is clear:
(i) Jacqueline Gonzalez is a quiet, self-possessed, nineteen-year-old Mexican-American
woman.
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(a) composed
(b) self-absorbed
(c) controlled
(d) collected
(ii) What about those young women who cling to a more tradional dream?
(a) Hold on to
(b) Respond to
(c) Ahere to
(d) Sck to
(iii) Perhaps the most poignant example of the impossible dream is Simone Baker:
(a) Striking
(b) Penetrang
(c) Pervasive
(d) Touching
(iv) She is the prototype of today's young woman-condent, outgoing, knowledgeable,
involved:
(a) Standard
(c) Archetype
(b) Model
(d). Anthesis
Ans: (i) Self-possessed
Sentence given: Jacqueline Gonzalez is a quiet, self-possessed, nineteen-year-old Mexican-
American woman.
• Options: (a) composed synonym (b) self-absorbed not a synonym (c)
controlled synonym (d) collected synonym
Answer: (b) self-absorbed is not a synonym.
• Sentence using “self-possessed”: Despite the chaos around her, Maria remained
calm and self-possessed, handling the situation with dignity.
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(ii) Cling
Sentence given: What about those young women who cling to a more traditional dream?
• Options: (a) Hold on to synonym (b) Respond to not a synonym (c) Adhere to
synonym (d) Stick to synonym
Answer: (b) respond to is not a synonym.
• Sentence using “cling”: Even in difficult times, he continued to cling to the hope of
success.
(iii) Poignant
Sentence given: Perhaps the most poignant example of the impossible dream is Simone
Baker.
• Options: (a) Striking synonym (b) Penetrating synonym (c) Pervasive not
a synonym (d) Touching synonym
Answer: (c) pervasive is not a synonym.
• Sentence using “poignant”: The movie ended with a poignant scene that brought
tears to everyone’s eyes.
(iv) Prototype
Sentence given: She is the prototype of today's young woman—confident, outgoing,
knowledgeable, involved.
• Options: (a) Standard synonym (b) Model synonym (c) Archetype
synonym (d) Antithesis not a synonym
Answer: (d) antithesis is not a synonym.
• Sentence using “prototype”: The new car is just a prototype, built to test the design
before mass production.
(II) Form collecons by matching each word in the le hand column with an appropriate
vocabulary item in the right hand column. Write a sentence of your own for each
collocaon, in such a way that its meaning is clear.
(i) Support
(a) Happiness
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(ii) Medical
(b) Standard
(iii) Basic
(c) A family
(iv) Pursue
(d) benets
Ans: (i) Support a family
• Sentence: Ravi works two jobs to support his family and ensure they have everything
they need. Here, “support a family” means providing financial and emotional
care for one’s household.
(ii) Medical benefits
• Sentence: The company offers medical benefits to all employees, covering hospital
expenses and health check-ups. “Medical benefits” refers to healthcare
advantages or insurance provided to individuals.
(iii) Basic standard
• Sentence: Clean drinking water is considered a basic standard of living in modern
society. “Basic standard” means the minimum acceptable level of quality or
condition.
(iv) Pursue happiness
• Sentence: Everyone has the right to pursue happiness in their own way, whether
through career, family, or hobbies. “Pursue happiness” means actively seeking
joy, fulfillment, and satisfaction in life.
(III) Fill in the following blanks with the appropriate preposion (s) and adverb (s) to form
a phrasal verb. Then write the meaning of the phrasal verb:
(a) Some of what lls our days are onerous obligaons, some are wonderful opportunies,
and most fall in between. but taken together they add too much.
(b) You'll skip yoga class, blow the neighbourhood meeng, ignore the piles of laundry and
just relax.
(c) Note how some of your most memorable moments occurred when something in your
schedule fell
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(d) Holding two or three jobs, struggling to pay the bills, working weekends, no vacaon
me, lile socia safety net, they oen feel out of control.
Ans: (a)
Sentence: Some of what fills our days are onerous obligations, some are wonderful
opportunities, and most fall in between. But taken together they add too much.
Correct phrasal verb: add up
• Meaning: To accumulate or increase to a large total.
• Completed sentence: …but taken together they add up to too much.
• Explanation: Even small tasks, when combined, become overwhelming.
(b)
Sentence: You'll skip yoga class, blow the neighbourhood meeting, ignore the piles of
laundry and just relax.
Correct phrasal verb: blow off
• Meaning: To deliberately avoid or neglect something.
• Completed sentence: …blow off the neighbourhood meeting…
• Explanation: Choosing not to attend the meeting, treating it as unimportant.
(c)
Sentence: Note how some of your most memorable moments occurred when something in
your schedule fell…
Correct phrasal verb: fell through
• Meaning: To fail or not happen as planned.
• Completed sentence: …when something in your schedule fell through.
• Explanation: Plans were cancelled, but that opened space for unexpected
memorable experiences.
(d)
Sentence: Holding two or three jobs, struggling to pay the bills, working weekends, no
vacation time, little social safety net, they often feel…
Correct phrasal verb: feel burned out
• Meaning: To feel exhausted and drained due to overwork or stress.
• Completed sentence: …they often feel burned out of control.
• Explanation:
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(B) Aempt any One of the following queson :
What does Sidel mean by the phrase "The New American Dreamers"? Discuss the major
aspects of the American Dream.
Or
Sum up the main ideas of Jay Walljasper's essay "Our Schedules Our Selves".
Ans: (a). Introduction
The phrase “The New American Dreamers” was used by Ruth Sidel to describe a generation
of young Americans who hold ambitious hopes for their future, despite facing social and
economic challenges. These dreamers are not content with mere survival; they aspire to
achieve success, independence, and fulfillment. Sidel’s analysis highlights how the American
Dream has evolved over time, reflecting both traditional ideals and modern aspirations.
What Sidel Means by “The New American Dreamers”
Sidel observed that young Americans, especially women, were increasingly envisioning
futures that went beyond conventional roles.
• Traditionally, the American Dream was associated with men achieving financial
success and women finding fulfillment in marriage and family.
• However, Sidel’s “new dreamers” sought education, careers, independence, and
personal happiness.
• They wanted to balance professional achievement with meaningful relationships,
rejecting the idea that women’s lives should be confined to domestic spaces.
In simple words: “The New American Dreamers” are those who dare to imagine a life of
equality, opportunity, and self-fulfillment, even when society places obstacles in their way.
Major Aspects of the American Dream
The American Dream is a broad concept, but it can be broken down into several major
aspects:
1. Economic Success and Upward Mobility
• At its core, the American Dream promises that hard work leads to prosperity.
• People aspire to secure good jobs, own homes, and provide better lives for their
families.
• For the new dreamers, this includes women entering lucrative professions and
striving for financial independence.
2. Equality of Opportunity
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• The dream emphasizes that everyone, regardless of background, should have equal
chances to succeed.
• Sidel’s new dreamers highlight the importance of breaking barriers of gender, race,
and class.
• Access to education and fair treatment in workplaces are central to this aspect.
3. Personal Fulfillment and Happiness
• Beyond material wealth, the American Dream includes emotional satisfaction.
• People want meaningful relationships, self-expression, and happiness.
• The new dreamers reject narrow definitions of success, insisting that joy and balance
are equally important.
4. Independence and Freedom
• The dream also embodies freedom—the ability to make choices about one’s life.
• For women, this means freedom from restrictive gender roles and the right to
pursue careers, education, and personal goals.
• Independence is seen as a marker of dignity and self-respect.
5. Social Contribution
• Many dreamers aspire not only to succeed personally but also to contribute to
society.
• Careers in teaching, healthcare, and social work reflect the desire to make a
difference.
• This aspect shows that the American Dream is not purely individualistic but also
collective.
Conclusion
Ruth Sidel’s phrase “The New American Dreamers” captures the spirit of a generation
determined to redefine success. These dreamers believe in education, independence,
equality, and happiness, expanding the traditional American Dream into something more
inclusive and balanced.
The major aspects of the American Dream—economic success, equality of opportunity,
personal fulfillment, independence, and social contribution—remain central, but they are
now interpreted in ways that reflect changing social realities. The new dreamers remind us
that the American Dream is not static; it evolves with each generation, carrying forward the
hope that life can always be better, fairer, and more fulfilling.
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(b). Ans: 1. Slavery to Schedules
Walljasper begins by pointing out that most people today live according to strict schedules.
Work, meetings, chores, and obligations fill every hour of the day. Instead of controlling
time, people feel controlled by it. He describes this as becoming “slaves of our schedules,”
where life is dictated by calendars and deadlines rather than personal choice.
2. Loss of Spontaneity
One of the central ideas is that rigid scheduling leaves little room for spontaneity.
Memorable moments often happen unexpectedly—like a walk with a friend, a sudden
family gathering, or a quiet evening of reflection. But when every minute is planned, these
opportunities are lost. Walljasper emphasizes that true happiness often comes from
unplanned experiences, not from sticking to a timetable.
3. The Burden of Busyness
Walljasper criticizes the cultural obsession with busyness. In modern society, being busy is
often seen as a sign of success or importance. However, he argues that this constant
busyness leads to stress, exhaustion, and a lack of fulfillment. People skip yoga classes,
ignore community meetings, and neglect household tasks simply because they are
overwhelmed by too many commitments.
4. Economic Pressures
The essay also highlights how economic realities contribute to overscheduling. Many
individuals hold multiple jobs, work weekends, and sacrifice vacations just to pay bills. This
creates a cycle where people have no time for relaxation or personal growth. Walljasper
notes that such pressures make people feel “out of control,” with schedules dominating
their lives.
5. The Value of Free Time
Walljasper insists that free time is not a luxury but a necessity. Time for rest, leisure, and
reflection allows people to recharge and experience life more fully. He suggests that
individuals should resist the temptation to overwork or over-plan and instead make space
for relaxation and joy.
6. A Call for Balance
The essay concludes with a call to balance. Walljasper does not argue against schedules
entirely—he acknowledges that some structure is necessary. However, he urges readers to
avoid becoming trapped by rigid routines. By reclaiming time and allowing for spontaneity,
people can live more meaningful and satisfying lives.
Conclusion
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Jay Walljasper’s “Our Schedules Our Selves” is a critique of modern time management and
its impact on human happiness. His main ideas revolve around the dangers of
overscheduling, the loss of spontaneity, the burden of busyness, and the economic
pressures that force people into rigid routines. Ultimately, he calls for a healthier balance—
where schedules serve people, not enslave them. By embracing free time and unplanned
moments, individuals can rediscover joy, connection, and true fulfillment.
3. (A) Aempt any Three of the following quesons:
(a) What places does S. Gopal assign to English in a mullingual country like India?
(b) Hindi cinema suers because of slavish men to imitate. What made Balraj Sahni form
this view?
(c) Give a brief explanaon of Forster's denion of tolerance.
(d) What is Dialectrical Materialism and which are its basic tenets?
Ans: (a) What places does S. Gopal assign to English in a multilingual country like India?
• S. Gopal emphasizes that in a country like India, where dozens of languages are
spoken, English plays a unifying role.
• It serves as a link language between different regions and communities.
• English is also important in higher education, science, technology, and
administration, where precision and global communication are needed.
• He does not see English as replacing Indian languages but as a supplementary tool
that helps India connect internally and with the wider world.
In short: English is a bridge language in India, essential for national unity and
international progress.
(b) Hindi cinema suffers because of slavish men to imitate. What made Balraj Sahni form
this view?
• Balraj Sahni, a noted actor, criticized Hindi cinema for blindly imitating Western
films instead of developing its own originality.
• He observed that many filmmakers copied Hollywood styles, themes, and glamour
without adapting them to Indian culture.
• This imitation led to a lack of authenticity and weakened the artistic value of Hindi
cinema.
• Sahni believed that cinema should reflect Indian realities, traditions, and social
issues, rather than being a poor copy of foreign models.
His view came from his belief that true art must be rooted in one’s own culture, not
borrowed superficially.
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(c) Give a brief explanation of Forster's definition of tolerance.
• E.M. Forster, in his essay on tolerance, defines it as a quiet virtue—not dramatic like
love or courage, but essential for human survival.
• He argues that tolerance means putting up with differences, accepting others, and
coexisting peacefully.
• In a world full of conflicts, tolerance is the minimum requirement for civilization.
• Forster stresses that while love is ideal, tolerance is more practical and achievable in
everyday life.
In short: Forster sees tolerance as the foundation of peaceful society—ordinary,
undramatic, but vital.
(d) What is Dialectical Materialism and which are its basic tenets?
• Dialectical Materialism is the philosophical foundation of Marxism, developed by
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.
• It combines dialectics (the idea that change happens through contradictions and
their resolution) with materialism (the belief that material conditions, not ideas,
shape reality).
Basic Tenets:
1. Materialist View of History: Economic and material conditions determine social
structures and ideas.
2. Dialectics: Change occurs through conflict between opposites (thesis vs. antithesis →
synthesis).
3. Class Struggle: History is driven by struggles between classes (e.g., workers vs.
capitalists).
4. Inevitable Change: Society evolves toward socialism and communism through these
contradictions.
In short: Dialectical Materialism explains history and society as products of material
conditions and class conflicts, constantly changing through contradictions.
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(B) Aempt any One of the following queson :
(a) Explain in your own words Tagore's concepon of India.
Or
(b) How does George Orwell relate animal-like psyche with the modern compeve sports
?
Ans: (a). Introduction
Rabindranath Tagore, the great poet, philosopher, and thinker, had a unique vision of India.
His conception of the nation was not limited to political boundaries or narrow nationalism.
Instead, he saw India as a spiritual and cultural civilization, enriched by centuries of
interaction with diverse peoples, religions, and traditions. For Tagore, India was not merely
a geographical entity but a living idea—a land where unity was achieved through diversity.
India as a Spiritual Civilization
Tagore believed that India’s greatness lay in its spiritual heritage rather than material
power. Unlike Western nations that often defined themselves through military strength or
economic dominance, India’s identity was rooted in values such as tolerance, compassion,
and harmony.
He emphasized that India had always welcomed different cultures—Aryans, Greeks,
Persians, Mughals, and Europeans—and absorbed them into its own fabric. This openness
created a civilization that was not rigid but dynamic, capable of growing through exchange
and dialogue.
Unity in Diversity
One of Tagore’s central ideas was that India’s unity did not come from uniformity but from
diversity.
• India is home to many languages, religions, and customs.
• Instead of trying to erase these differences, Tagore celebrated them as part of
India’s richness.
• He saw India as a “symphony of cultures”, where each tradition contributed to the
larger harmony.
For Tagore, true nationalism was not about excluding others but about embracing
plurality.
Critique of Narrow Nationalism
Tagore was critical of aggressive nationalism, which he saw rising in Europe during his time.
He warned that if India adopted such narrow nationalism, it would lose its essence.
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• He argued that nationalism based on hatred or exclusion leads to violence and
division.
• India’s strength, he believed, was in its ability to rise above such narrowness and
offer a vision of universal brotherhood.
Thus, his conception of India was deeply humanistic—a nation that could inspire peace and
cooperation in the world.
India as a Meeting Ground of Cultures
Tagore often described India as a meeting ground where East and West, tradition and
modernity, could interact. He wanted India to learn from the scientific and rational spirit of
the West while preserving its own spiritual depth.
• He did not want India to blindly imitate Western models.
• Instead, he envisioned a balance where India could modernize without losing its
soul.
The Role of Education and Culture
Tagore also linked his conception of India to education. Through institutions like Visva-
Bharati University, he tried to create a space where Indian and foreign scholars could come
together, exchange ideas, and build a truly global culture. For him, India’s destiny was to be
a bridge between nations, offering wisdom and learning to the world.
Conclusion
Tagore’s conception of India was broad, inclusive, and deeply spiritual. He saw India not as a
political unit defined by boundaries but as a civilization that thrived on diversity, openness,
and cultural exchange. He rejected narrow nationalism and envisioned India as a land of
universal human values, capable of guiding the world toward peace and harmony.
In simple words, Tagore imagined India as a living idea of unity in diversity, rooted in
spirituality, enriched by culture, and open to the world. His vision remains relevant today,
reminding us that India’s true strength lies not in exclusion but in embracing all voices that
form its rich heritage.
(b). Introduction
George Orwell, best known for his political writings and novels like Animal Farm and 1984,
also wrote essays on everyday subjects. In his essay “The Sporting Spirit”, Orwell critically
examines modern competitive sports. He argues that far from promoting friendship and
healthy competition, sports often awaken an animal-like psyche in humans—instincts of
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aggression, rivalry, and hostility. His reflections reveal how sports mirror deeper social and
political tensions.
The Animal-like Psyche in Sports
Orwell believed that competitive sports bring out primitive instincts in people, similar to
those found in animals.
• Just as animals fight for territory, dominance, or survival, humans in sports fight for
victory, prestige, and superiority.
• The desire to win at all costs often overrides rationality, leading to aggression,
cheating, and hostility.
• Crowds watching sports also display animal-like behavior—shouting, jeering, and
sometimes rioting.
In Orwell’s view, sports strip away the civilized mask and reveal the raw, competitive
nature of human beings.
Sports as War Minus the Shooting
One of Orwell’s famous observations is that modern sports are like “war minus the
shooting.”
• Nations use sports to assert dominance, much like animals asserting control over
territory.
• International matches often stir nationalist passions, turning games into symbolic
battles.
• Instead of promoting peace, sports can deepen divisions between countries and
communities.
For Orwell, this shows how the animal-like psyche of aggression and rivalry is embedded
in modern sports culture.
The Role of Competition
Orwell highlights that the competitive element in sports is what triggers the animal instincts.
• Friendly games may encourage cooperation and enjoyment.
• But once competition and victory become central, the atmosphere changes.
• Players push themselves beyond limits, sometimes resorting to foul play, while
spectators become hostile toward opponents.
This mirrors the survival-of-the-fittest mentality in the animal world, where competition is
fierce and often violent.
Examples of Aggression in Sports
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Orwell points to examples where sports lead to bitterness rather than friendship:
• International football matches often end in fights, riots, or political tensions.
• Even local games can cause hostility between rival teams and their supporters.
• Instead of unity, sports sometimes create divisions, echoing the animal instinct of
defending one’s group against outsiders.
Broader Implications
Orwell’s analysis goes beyond sports. He suggests that the animal-like psyche revealed in
competitive games reflects the deeper nature of human society.
• Just as animals fight for dominance, humans fight for power, prestige, and
recognition.
• Sports become a symbolic arena where these instincts are played out.
• This explains why sports can sometimes escalate into violence or political conflict.
Conclusion
George Orwell relates the animal-like psyche to modern competitive sports by showing how
games awaken primitive instincts of aggression, rivalry, and hostility. He famously described
sports as “war minus the shooting,” emphasizing that competition often leads to bitterness
rather than friendship. For Orwell, sports reveal the raw, animalistic side of human nature—
where the desire to dominate and win overshadows ideals of cooperation and peace.
His critique reminds us that while sports can be a source of joy and unity, they also carry the
risk of unleashing instincts that are more animal than civilized.
4. (A) Aempt any Three of the following quesons:
(a) How is Nehru's thinking on the queson of language jused in the essay "English
Language in India."
(b) How, accordingly to Tagore can our society be saved from Hindu Muslim conict?
(c) What kind of insncts are aroused by a compeve sport? Illustrate with the help of
examples.
(d) Sum up briey the views of Balraj Sahni on the Indian literary world.
Ans: (a) How is Nehru's thinking on the question of language justified in the essay "English
Language in India"?
• Jawaharlal Nehru recognized that India was a multilingual country, with dozens of
languages and dialects.
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• He argued that English had become a necessary link language—a medium through
which people of different regions could communicate.
• Nehru justified the use of English because:
o It connected India with the wider world in science, technology, and
diplomacy.
o It provided access to modern knowledge and literature.
o It acted as a neutral language, avoiding favoritism toward any single Indian
language.
• He believed English should not replace Indian languages but serve as a
supplementary tool until Indian languages developed enough to take over higher
functions.
In short: Nehru’s thinking is justified because English ensured unity, modernization, and
global communication in a diverse nation.
(b) How, according to Tagore, can our society be saved from Hindu–Muslim conflict?
• Rabindranath Tagore emphasized that Hindu–Muslim conflict was not natural but
socially and politically created.
• He believed society could be saved through:
o Mutual understanding and tolerance: Both communities must respect each
other’s faiths and traditions.
o Education: Tagore stressed the need for broad, humanistic education that
rises above narrow religious identities.
o Cultural unity: He saw India as a land of shared culture, where Hindus and
Muslims had lived together for centuries.
o Rejecting divisive politics: He warned against leaders who exploited religion
for power.
• For Tagore, the solution lay in humanism and cooperation, not in rigid nationalism
or sectarianism.
In short: Tagore believed Hindu–Muslim conflict could be overcome through tolerance,
education, and a shared sense of humanity.
(c) What kind of instincts are aroused by a competitive sport? Illustrate with examples.
• George Orwell and other thinkers have noted that competitive sports often awaken
animal-like instincts in humans.
• Instincts aroused include:
o Aggression: Players fight hard to win, sometimes resorting to foul play.
o Rivalry: Teams and nations see matches as battles for dominance.
o Group loyalty: Supporters become fiercely loyal to their side, sometimes
hostile to opponents.
o Pride and prestige: Winning is linked to honor, while losing causes bitterness.
• Examples:
o International football matches often lead to riots or political tensions.
o Cricket rivalries between India and Pakistan stir nationalist emotions.
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o Even local games can cause fights between rival supporters.
In short: Competitive sports arouse instincts of aggression, rivalry, and group loyalty,
making them resemble “war minus the shooting.”
(d) Sum up briefly the views of Balraj Sahni on the Indian literary world.
• Balraj Sahni, apart from being a famous actor, was also a keen observer of literature.
• His views on the Indian literary world include:
o He criticized writers for imitating Western styles instead of developing
authentic Indian voices.
o He believed literature should reflect Indian realities, struggles, and culture,
not borrowed glamour.
o He emphasized the need for simplicity and sincerity in writing, so that
literature could reach ordinary people.
o Sahni admired writers who wrote with social purpose, addressing issues like
poverty, inequality, and cultural identity.
• He wanted Indian literature to be rooted in its soil, speaking to the masses rather
than copying foreign trends.
In short: Balraj Sahni valued originality, sincerity, and social relevance in Indian
literature, and criticized slavish imitation of the West.
(B) Aempt any One of the following queson :
(a) Sekhon's personality witnesses diverse inuences arising from Hindu, Sikh and Marxist
sources. Illustrate in the light of his essay "I Believe".
Or
(b) Trace the development of ideas in the essay "Tolerance" where love can become a reality
in a conict-ridden world.
Ans: (a) Introduction
In his essay “I Believe”, Sant Singh Sekhon reflects on the foundations of his worldview and
the forces that shaped his personality. His thought is not confined to a single tradition;
rather, it is a synthesis of Hindu philosophy, Sikh spirituality, and Marxist ideology. These
influences together create a distinctive outlook that blends spirituality, humanism, and
social justice. Sekhon’s essay reveals how these diverse strands interact to form a coherent
vision of life.
Hindu Influences
Sekhon acknowledges the deep impact of Hindu philosophy on his thinking.
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• Hinduism emphasizes the unity of existence and the interconnectedness of all
beings.
• Concepts such as karma (the moral law of cause and effect) and dharma (duty and
righteousness) shaped his sense of responsibility toward society.
• The Hindu tradition also nurtured in him a respect for spiritual values and the search
for truth beyond material concerns.
In “I Believe”, this influence is visible in his recognition of life’s moral order and his
insistence that human actions must align with ethical principles.
Sikh Influences
Sekhon’s Sikh background provided him with a strong sense of courage, equality, and
community service.
• Sikhism emphasizes fearlessness, self-respect, and devotion to truth.
• The Sikh ideal of seva (selfless service) inspired Sekhon’s belief in working for the
welfare of others.
• The emphasis on equality of all human beings reinforced his rejection of caste and
social discrimination.
In his essay, Sekhon’s insistence on dignity, honesty, and social responsibility reflects
this Sikh ethos. His belief in standing firm against injustice mirrors the Sikh tradition of moral
bravery.
Marxist Influences
Sekhon was also deeply influenced by Marxist thought, which shaped his understanding of
social and economic realities.
• Marxism emphasizes the material basis of life and the role of class struggle in
shaping history.
• Sekhon adopted the Marxist concern for social justice, equality, and the uplift of the
oppressed.
• He believed that literature and art should not be detached from society but should
serve as instruments of social change.
In “I Believe”, Sekhon’s call for a just and equitable society reflects Marxist ideals. He
insists that human progress depends on eliminating exploitation and creating conditions
where all individuals can flourish.
Synthesis of Influences
What makes Sekhon’s personality remarkable is not the presence of these influences in
isolation but their integration.
• From Hinduism, he absorbed spirituality and moral responsibility.
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• From Sikhism, he inherited courage, equality, and service.
• From Marxism, he gained a scientific outlook on society and a commitment to
justice.
Together, these influences shaped a worldview that is both spiritual and practical, idealistic
and realistic. Sekhon’s essay shows how diverse traditions can coexist and enrich one
another, producing a balanced philosophy of life.
Conclusion
In “I Believe”, Sant Singh Sekhon presents himself as a thinker shaped by Hindu, Sikh, and
Marxist traditions. His personality reflects the moral depth of Hinduism, the fearless
humanism of Sikhism, and the social justice orientation of Marxism. By synthesizing these
influences, Sekhon articulates a vision of life that values truth, equality, and service while
striving for a just society. His essay demonstrates how diverse cultural and ideological
sources can converge to form a coherent and inspiring philosophy.
(b). Ans: Introduction
E.M. Forster’s essay “Tolerance” is a thoughtful reflection on how societies can survive and
flourish in a world filled with conflict. Forster argues that while love is the highest ideal, it is
often too demanding to be practiced universally in everyday life. Instead, he proposes
tolerance as the practical virtue that can sustain civilization. The essay traces the
development of this idea step by step, showing how tolerance can eventually create
conditions where love becomes possible even in a conflict-ridden world.
The Starting Point: A Conflict-Ridden World
Forster begins by acknowledging the harsh reality of human society. Wars, political rivalries,
religious divisions, and personal conflicts dominate human history. In such a world,
expecting universal love is unrealistic. Love, though noble, requires deep emotional
commitment and is difficult to extend to strangers or enemies.
Thus, Forster sets the stage by admitting that love, while desirable, cannot be the
immediate solution to widespread conflict.
The Modest Virtue of Tolerance
Forster then introduces tolerance as a more practical and achievable virtue.
• Tolerance means putting up with differences, accepting others even when we do
not agree with them.
• It is not dramatic or heroic like love or courage, but it is steady and reliable.
• Forster calls tolerance a “dull virtue”, yet insists it is essential for the survival of
civilization.
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In everyday life, tolerance allows people of different backgrounds, beliefs, and opinions
to coexist without violence.
Tolerance as the Foundation of Civilization
Forster argues that tolerance is the minimum requirement for a functioning society.
• Without tolerance, conflicts escalate into hatred and destruction.
• With tolerance, people can live side by side, even if they do not love one another.
• It creates space for dialogue, cooperation, and gradual understanding.
Civilization, according to Forster, is built not on grand ideals but on ordinary virtues like
tolerance.
From Tolerance to Love
The essay develops further by showing how tolerance can pave the way for love.
• Once people learn to accept differences peacefully, they may begin to appreciate
and respect one another.
• This respect can grow into friendship, empathy, and eventually love.
• In other words, tolerance is the first step toward the higher ideal of love.
Forster suggests that while love cannot be imposed, tolerance creates the conditions in
which love can flourish.
Practical Application
Forster’s ideas are especially relevant in a world divided by religion, politics, and race.
• He insists that tolerance must be practiced in everyday interactions, not just
preached in theory.
• Small acts of patience, acceptance, and restraint can prevent conflicts from
escalating.
• Over time, these acts build trust and open the door to deeper human connections.
Conclusion
In “Tolerance”, E.M. Forster traces a clear development of ideas:
1. The world is full of conflict, making universal love unrealistic.
2. Tolerance, though modest, is achievable and essential.
3. Tolerance sustains civilization by preventing hatred and violence.
4. Over time, tolerance can grow into respect, empathy, and eventually love.
Thus, Forster presents tolerance as the practical virtue that keeps society alive, while also
serving as the pathway through which love can become a reality in a conflict-ridden world.
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His essay reminds us that even ordinary virtues can have extraordinary power in shaping
human destiny.
(A) Aempt the following quesons
(a) Aempt a thumbnail sketch of the drover in the story 'The Drover's Wife'.
(b) Who is Mangal Singh? What according to him were the advantages of his job?
(c) The proposed journey sounds threatening and dicult to the lady in the story 'The Bath'.
Explain giving the reasons.
Ans: (a) Thumbnail sketch of the drover in “The Drover’s Wife”
• The drover himself is absent for most of the story, working far away to earn a living.
• His absence highlights the loneliness and hardships faced by his wife, who must
manage the household and protect her children in the harsh Australian bush.
• He is portrayed as a man of responsibility and endurance, compelled to leave his
family behind to secure their survival.
• Though not physically present, his character is defined by the sacrifices of a working
man who trusts his wife’s strength and resilience.
In short: The drover is a hardworking, responsible man whose absence symbolizes the
struggles of frontier life and the burden placed on women left behind.
(b) Who is Mangal Singh? What according to him were the advantages of his job?
• Mangal Singh is a character from Khushwant Singh’s essay “The Job”. He worked as a
railway guard.
• According to him, the advantages of his job included:
o Respect and authority: As a guard, he commanded obedience and enjoyed
prestige in society.
o Security: His government job provided stability and regular income.
o Travel opportunities: He could move across different places, meeting new
people and seeing new landscapes.
o Independence: He valued the freedom and dignity that came with his
position.
In short: Mangal Singh saw his job as a source of respect, security, travel, and
independence, making him proud of his role.
(c) Why does the proposed journey sound threatening and difficult to the lady in “The
Bath”?
• In Janet Frame’s story “The Bath”, the elderly lady finds the idea of traveling to the
public baths threatening and difficult.
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• Reasons include:
o Physical weakness: Old age has made her frail, and even simple tasks feel
exhausting.
o Fear of accidents: She worries about slipping, drowning, or being unable to
get out of the bath.
o Sense of isolation: She feels alone, with no one to help her if something goes
wrong.
o Psychological anxiety: The journey symbolizes her confrontation with
mortality and helplessness.
• The bath, which once was a place of refreshment, now becomes a symbol of fear,
vulnerability, and impending death.
In short: The journey is threatening because of her frailty, fear of accidents, loneliness,
and the haunting realization of her mortality.
(B) Aempt any One of the following queson :
(a) 'Once There was a King' presents a contrast between the imaginave realm of children
and the reality of grown-ups. Discuss.
Or
(b) The short story 'Jasmine' Father' explores the pathos of father-daughter relaonship.
Discuss.
Ans: Introduction
Rabindranath Tagore’s short story “Once There Was a King” is a delicate exploration of the
difference between the imaginative world of children and the practical, often harsh, reality
of adults. The story revolves around a young boy who listens to his mother narrating a fairy
tale. The mother begins with the familiar opening line, “Once there was a king,” but is
interrupted before she can finish. The child, left with only the fragment of a story, begins to
weave his own imaginative continuation. This simple narrative becomes a profound
commentary on how children perceive the world differently from adults, highlighting the
richness of imagination in contrast to the limitations of reality.
The Imaginative Realm of Children
Children live in a world where imagination reigns supreme. For the boy in the story:
• The incomplete tale becomes a canvas for his creativity.
• He imagines the king’s adventures, his palace, his subjects, and even the challenges
he might face.
• The child’s mind does not require logical consistency; instead, it thrives on wonder,
fantasy, and endless possibilities.
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This imaginative realm is characterized by freedom. Unlike adults, children are not bound by
the constraints of logic, practicality, or social norms. For them, a king can be both powerful
and vulnerable, a palace can be both grand and magical, and every interruption is an
opportunity to invent something new.
Tagore uses the child’s imagination to show how children transform ordinary fragments
into extraordinary stories, reflecting their innate creativity and innocence.
The Reality of Grown-ups
In contrast, the mother represents the adult world.
• For her, the story is a routine bedtime tale, meant to pacify the child rather than
ignite imagination.
• She begins with the conventional phrase “Once there was a king,” but is distracted
by household duties and fails to complete it.
• Her reality is shaped by responsibilities, duties, and practical concerns, leaving little
room for fantasy.
Adults, unlike children, often see stories as entertainment rather than as gateways to
imagination. Their lives are dominated by the demands of survival, family, and society. The
mother’s inability to finish the story symbolizes how grown-ups are constrained by reality,
unable to indulge fully in the imaginative world.
The Contrast and Its Significance
Tagore’s story highlights the sharp contrast between these two realms:
• Children’s imagination is limitless, spontaneous, and joyful.
• Adults’ reality is bounded, practical, and often mundane.
This contrast is significant because it shows how imagination is gradually replaced by
responsibility as one grows older. The child’s delight in imagining the king’s adventures
reflects innocence and creativity, while the mother’s distraction reflects the burdens of
adulthood.
Tagore suggests that while reality is necessary, imagination is equally vital. It is imagination
that gives meaning, beauty, and joy to life. Without it, reality becomes mechanical and
uninspiring.
Symbolism in the Story
The phrase “Once there was a king” itself becomes symbolic:
• For the child, it is a doorway to infinite possibilities.
• For the adult, it is merely the beginning of a conventional tale.
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This difference symbolizes the broader gap between childhood and adulthood. Childhood is
a time of dreams and wonder, while adulthood is a time of duties and limitations.
Broader Implications
Tagore’s story is not just about one child and his mother; it reflects a universal truth.
• Every child experiences the joy of imagination, while every adult eventually
confronts the demands of reality.
• The story reminds readers of the importance of preserving imagination even in
adulthood.
• It suggests that adults should not dismiss the imaginative world of children but
should nurture it, for it is the source of creativity and innovation.
Conclusion
In “Once There Was a King”, Rabindranath Tagore beautifully contrasts the imaginative
realm of children with the reality of grown-ups. The child’s ability to create a world from an
unfinished story highlights the richness of imagination, while the mother’s distraction
reflects the limitations imposed by adult responsibilities. The story ultimately reminds us
that imagination is a treasure of childhood, one that adults often lose but should strive to
preserve. By valuing both imagination and reality, Tagore suggests, life can be lived more
fully, with joy and meaning.
6. (A) Aempt the following quesons:
(a) Comment on the ending woven by Grannie for the fairy tale.
(b) What are the tasks that seem onerous and irksome to the old lady now which had earlier
seemed quite easy and pleasurable?
(c) Why does Jasmine describe her oce as 'a dangerous mineeld' ?
Ans: (a) Comment on the ending woven by Grannie for the fairy tale
In Rabindranath Tagore’s “Once There Was a King”, the child listens eagerly to his
grandmother’s story. She begins with the familiar line “Once there was a king,” but is
interrupted before she can finish. Later, when pressed, Grannie weaves an ending that is
deliberately vague and unsatisfying.
• Her ending is not a grand adventure or a heroic climax but a simple, incomplete
closure.
• This reflects the adult tendency to treat stories as routine, not as imaginative
journeys.
• For the child, however, the unfinished tale sparks creativity, allowing him to invent
his own continuation.
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The ending woven by Grannie highlights the contrast between adult practicality and
childlike imagination. It shows that adults often fail to nurture fantasy, while children thrive
on it.
(b) What are the tasks that seem onerous and irksome to the old lady now which had
earlier seemed quite easy and pleasurable?
In Janet Frame’s “The Bath”, the elderly lady finds everyday tasks increasingly burdensome.
• Bathing: Once refreshing, it now feels threatening because she fears slipping or
being unable to get out.
• Household chores: Simple duties like laundry or cleaning, which she once managed
easily, now seem exhausting.
• Attending social gatherings: Activities like neighborhood meetings or yoga classes,
once pleasurable, now feel overwhelming.
• Traveling to the baths: A journey that once symbolized relaxation now appears
dangerous and tiring.
These tasks, once sources of joy or routine comfort, have become onerous and irksome
due to age, frailty, and loneliness, reflecting the decline of physical strength and the anxiety
of old age.
(c) Why does Jasmine describe her office as “a dangerous minefield”?
In the short story “Jasmine’s Father”, Jasmine refers to her office as “a dangerous minefield”
because of the hostile and tense atmosphere she experiences there.
• Office politics: Colleagues are competitive, suspicious, and quick to exploit
weaknesses.
• Gender bias: As a woman, Jasmine faces discrimination and subtle hostility in a
male-dominated environment.
• Constant vigilance: Like walking through a minefield, she must be careful with her
words and actions to avoid conflict or criticism.
• Emotional strain: The stress of navigating such an environment makes her feel
unsafe and constantly under pressure.
Jasmine’s metaphor captures the toxic, unpredictable, and threatening nature of her
workplace, where one wrong step could lead to serious consequences.
(B) Aempt any One of the following queson :
(a) The drover's wife in rlenry Lawson's story 'The Drover's Wife' exhibits the strength and
resilience of a woman. Discuss.
Or
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(b) How does Anand bring out the hierarchical power structure : inherent in society in his
story 'Duty'?
Ans: (a) The Drover’s Wife – Strength and Resilience of a Woman
Introduction
Henry Lawson’s short story “The Drover’s Wife” is a powerful portrayal of a woman’s
courage, endurance, and resilience in the harsh Australian outback. While the drover
himself is absent, working far away to earn a living, the responsibility of protecting the
household and raising the children falls entirely on his wife. Lawson’s narrative highlights
how women, often overlooked in frontier life, embody strength and determination in the
face of loneliness, danger, and relentless hardship.
The Harsh Setting and Loneliness
The story is set in the desolate Australian bush, where isolation is a constant reality. The
drover’s wife lives with her children in a small hut, surrounded by wilderness. Her loneliness
is emphasized by the absence of her husband, who is away for months at a time.
• Despite this isolation, she does not succumb to despair.
• She accepts her circumstances with stoic endurance, showing that resilience is not
only physical but also emotional.
Lawson uses the setting to underline the woman’s inner strength, as she faces solitude
without complaint.
Courage in the Face of Danger
One of the most striking episodes in the story is the confrontation with the snake.
• A snake enters the house, threatening the children.
• The drover’s wife immediately takes charge, keeping watch all night to protect her
family.
• Her vigilance and determination demonstrate her courage and maternal instinct.
This incident symbolizes her ability to confront danger head-on, without waiting for male
protection. Her bravery is not dramatic but practical, rooted in her responsibility as a
mother.
Endurance in Daily Hardships
The drover’s wife’s resilience is also evident in her handling of everyday struggles.
• She manages household chores, cares for the children, and deals with emergencies
alone.
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• She has faced floods, fires, illness, and even the death of her child, yet she continues
to endure.
• Her life is a series of battles against nature and circumstance, but she never gives up.
Lawson portrays her as a symbol of endurance, representing countless women who
silently bear the burdens of frontier life.
Emotional Strength and Sacrifice
Beyond physical courage, the drover’s wife shows remarkable emotional strength.
• She suppresses her own desires and dreams, dedicating herself entirely to her
family’s survival.
• Her sacrifices highlight the resilience of women who often put others’ needs before
their own.
• Even when she feels weary or hopeless, she does not allow her children to see her
weakness.
Her emotional resilience is as significant as her physical bravery, showing that strength is
multifaceted.
Symbol of Women’s Role in Frontier Life
Lawson’s story elevates the drover’s wife from an ordinary character to a symbol of
women’s resilience in the Australian bush.
• She represents the countless women who sustained families while men were away.
• Her strength challenges traditional notions of gender, proving that women are
equally capable of facing hardship.
• By focusing on her struggles, Lawson acknowledges the often invisible contributions
of women to society.
Conclusion
Henry Lawson’s “The Drover’s Wife” is a tribute to the strength and resilience of women.
Through her courage in facing danger, endurance in daily hardships, and emotional
sacrifices, the drover’s wife embodies the spirit of survival in a harsh and lonely
environment. Lawson’s portrayal reminds readers that resilience is not always loud or
heroic—it is often quiet, steady, and rooted in responsibility. The drover’s wife stands as a
timeless symbol of women’s strength, showing that even in isolation and adversity, they can
protect, nurture, and endure with dignity.
7. Examine family relaonships in the story "The Desjardins".
Or
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Markham's story "Mammie's Form at the Post Oce" captures the plight of immigrants in
a foreign country. Discuss.
Ans: Markham’s “Mammie’s Form at the Post Office” – The Plight of Immigrants in a
Foreign Country
Introduction
Richard K. Markham’s short story “Mammie’s Form at the Post Office” is a poignant
exploration of the struggles faced by immigrants in a foreign land. Through the simple yet
symbolic act of filling out a form at the post office, Markham captures the deep sense of
alienation, helplessness, and vulnerability that immigrants experience when confronted
with bureaucratic systems, cultural differences, and language barriers. The story highlights
not only the practical difficulties of migration but also the emotional and psychological toll it
takes on individuals, especially those who are older and less educated.
The Central Incident
The story revolves around “Mammie,” an immigrant mother who goes to the post office to
fill out a form. What should have been a routine task becomes a source of anxiety and
humiliation.
• Mammie struggles with the language barrier, unable to understand the form’s
instructions.
• She feels intimidated by the bureaucratic environment, where officials are
indifferent to her plight.
• Her inability to complete the form symbolizes the larger challenges immigrants face
in adapting to a new society.
This incident becomes a metaphor for the immigrant experience: small tasks that
natives take for granted become overwhelming obstacles for outsiders.
The Plight of Immigrants
Markham uses Mammie’s struggle to highlight several aspects of immigrant life:
1. Language Barriers
• Immigrants often find themselves unable to communicate effectively in the host
country’s language.
• This creates dependency, forcing them to rely on children, neighbors, or strangers
for help.
• Mammie’s inability to fill out the form reflects the frustration of being silenced in a
society that does not accommodate her.
2. Bureaucratic Alienation
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• Bureaucratic systems are often rigid and impersonal.
• For immigrants, these systems become intimidating, as they are unfamiliar with the
rules and procedures.
• Mammie’s confusion at the post office shows how bureaucracy can alienate and
marginalize those who are already vulnerable.
3. Generational Divide
• Younger immigrants often adapt more quickly, learning the language and customs of
the new country.
• Older immigrants, like Mammie, struggle to adjust, creating a gap between parents
and children.
• This divide leads to feelings of inadequacy and dependence, as parents lose
authority and confidence.
4. Emotional and Psychological Strain
• Mammie’s humiliation at the post office reflects the emotional toll of migration.
• Immigrants often feel invisible, powerless, and excluded.
• The simple act of filling out a form becomes a reminder of their outsider status and
lack of belonging.
Symbolism in the Story
Markham uses the post office form as a powerful symbol:
• It represents the barriers immigrants face in accessing basic services.
• It highlights the gap between official systems and human needs.
• It symbolizes the struggle for identity and recognition in a foreign land.
The form is not just paper; it is a test of belonging, and Mammie’s failure to complete it
reflects the broader exclusion of immigrants from mainstream society.
Broader Social Commentary
Through Mammie’s experience, Markham critiques the lack of empathy in host societies.
• Officials treat immigrants as burdens rather than human beings.
• Systems are designed for natives, with little consideration for outsiders.
• The story calls for greater sensitivity, inclusivity, and support for immigrants,
especially those who are vulnerable.
Conclusion
Richard K. Markham’s “Mammie’s Form at the Post Office” captures the plight of immigrants
in a foreign country with remarkable simplicity and depth. Mammie’s struggle with a
bureaucratic form becomes a metaphor for the larger immigrant experience—marked by
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language barriers, alienation, generational divides, and emotional strain. The story reminds
us that migration is not just about physical relocation; it is about navigating systems,
cultures, and identities that often exclude and marginalize newcomers.
By focusing on Mammie’s humiliation and helplessness, Markham highlights the urgent
need for empathy and inclusivity in societies that receive immigrants. His story is a timeless
reminder that behind every form, every bureaucratic hurdle, lies a human being seeking
dignity, belonging, and recognition.
8. Transcribe the following words:
Naonality, espionage, appreciaon, demonstraon, misunderstand, customer, ulity,
subtracon, tranquility.
Ans:
1. Nationality → /ˌnæʃəˈnæləti/
2. Espionage → /ˈɛspiənɑːʒ/
3. Appreciation → /əˌpriːʃiˈeɪʃən/
4. Demonstration → /ˌdɛmənˈstreɪʃən/
5. Misunderstand → /ˌmɪsʌndərˈstænd/
6. Customer → /ˈkʌstəmər/
7. Utility → /juːˈtɪləti/
8. Subtraction → /səbˈtrækʃən/
9. Tranquility → /træŋˈkwɪləti/
“This paper has been carefully prepared for educaonal purposes. If you noce any
mistakes or have suggesons, feel free to share your feedback.”
